FAMILIAL INFLUENCE ON CHILDHOOD OBESITY Essays

FAMILIAL INFLUENCE ON CHILDHOOD OBESITY Essays FAMILIAL INFLUENCE ON CHILDHOOD OBESITY Essay FAMILIAL INFLUENCE ON CHILDHOOD OBESITY Essay FAMILIAL INFLUENCE ON CHILDHOOD OBESITY Extension Nature of the Problem The kids populace as of now battling with weight has greatly extended, speaking to an enormous social insurance trouble both at present and later on. The degree of the pandemic is declined in light of the fact that it is a basic hazard factor for different maladies, including cardiovascular illnesses, musculoskeletal clutters, disease and diabetes. As much as 17% of youths and youngsters in the United States, experience the ill effects of corpulence, speaking to more than 12.5 million patients (World Health Organization, 2012). These speaks to a close to 300% expansion in the levels since 1980, with significant ethnic and racial inconsistencies in the predominance rates, with male Hispanics and non-Hispanic dark young ladies being the most noticeably terrible influenced populace gatherings. Comparative patterns are clear somewhere else on the planet, with the World Health Organization (WHO) evaluating that upwards 40 million kids over the world are either overweight or large. : Research Hypothesis Family practices and mentalities are significant in whether kids become overweight or large Legitimization There is a developing assemblage of hypothetical, logical proof demonstrating that youngsters acclimatize their family and guardians wellbeing ways of thinking. They take part in exercises and eat nourishments that their families permit, energize or give them, and cease from those that are prohibited. This impact of families and guardians on childrens eating and exercise propensities is basic in the advancement of malady, while on the double structure enduring propensities that forestall or incline them to stoutness or high body weight (Austin, 2011). With the foundation of experimental proof to back up the hypothetical models, this examination discoveries will assist with making and stimulus for the improvement better parental mentalities and abilities, which will at last lead to the decrease of theoverall illness trouble and the general medicinal services costs confronting populaces and governments. Potential family-based mediations/medicines can be created with the foundation of f irm proof of family situations on the chance of heftiness improvement. Likewise, if the exploration speculation can prompt the avoidance of accidental ailments related with youth corpulence, while immediately boosting the profitability of things to come ages. Procedure The examination configuration will utilize both auxiliary and essential information. The optional information would include peer-surveyed diary and book sources on youth heftiness causes, preventive techniques and the conceivable inclination of kids because of familial components (Austin, 2011). The essential information would be gotten from a cross-sectional example of 400 youngsters matured somewhere in the range of 6 and 13. The example would contain (I) 100 Hispanics (ii) 100 Blacks (iii) 100 Whites and (iv) Minority gatherings. Half of the respondents must be (I) stout (ii) overweight. The examination staff would go to schools and emergency clinics, and solicitation guardians and the kids to take part in the investigation. Upwards of 700 potential members would be chosen, from whom an arbitrary example of 450 would be chosen to take an interest in the investigation. Respondents would finish examine polls sent by post, email or by phone interviews dependent on the survey, with da ta includingtheir diet, dietary patterns, parental perspectives towards eating and exercise, information on heftiness and the occasions that food is prepared in the home (Kothari, 2009). Others would incorporate the youngsters weight list, maternal melancholy, family working and confidence and so on. When surveys are finished, they will be checked for culmination and rightness, before the last irregular example of 400 is chosen for coding, and examination. Information would be broke down by a specific measurable program, SPSS and changed reports would be given. Introductory Findings The reasons for stoutness, a non-transmittable and totally preventable malady, are notable and incorporate over the top admission of high vitality and sugar nourishments, low vegetables admission and need sufficient physical action. Hereditary inclination, family socioeconomics, child rearing works on, expanding stationary ways of life because of PC use and TV seeing and so forth, expanding commercialization and riotous family plans have similarly been recognized as (Delahanty, et al., 2012). Other causal elements incorporate the rise of the quick nourishments industry, which is exclusively answerable for the ascent in high-fat food sources over the world.It is anyway apparent that legitimate child rearing and control can confine these hazard factors, adequately making the uplifted paces of heftiness an immediate result of the disappointment in child rearing (Austin, 2011). As per the environments model, the connections among families, people, society, foundations and psychosocial bunches collaborations considerably affect the working and conduct. Then again, another hypothetical model, the environmental model attests that relational intricacies are basic in whether kids create weight issues or corpulence. This chance is controlled by food decisions, which are impacted by the family segment attributes (HU, 2011). Families in which the two guardians worked and single parent families were bound to eat quick nourishments, contrasted with different families, which thus impact the dietary patterns of kids. Also, low pay families vegetable utilization by as much as 22%, as do double specialist families (Delahanty, et al., 2012). Different components including the guardians convictions and mentalities about the nourishing and exercise needs of the youngsters sway the body weight of the kids. References Austin, B. (2011). [Commentary on] The Blind Spot in the Drive for Childhood Obesity Prevention: Bringing Eating Disorders Prevention Into Focus as a Public Health Priority. American Journal of Public Health, Jun2011, Vol. 101 Issue 6 . Delahanty, L. M., Pan, Q., Jablonski, ,. K., Watson, C., McCaffery, J., Kahn, S., et al. (2012). Hereditary Predictors of Weight Loss and Weight Regain After Intensive Lifestyle Modification, Metformin Treatment, or Standard Care in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care , vol. 35 no. 2 363-366. HU, F. (2011). Globalization of diabetes: the job of diet, way of life, and qualities. diabetes way of life, Harvard School of Public Health, in PubMed . Kothari, D. C. (2009). Research philosophy: strategies and procedures. New York: New Age International. Mazzeo, D., Arens, S., Germeroth, C., Hein, H. (2012). Halting youth stoutness before it starts. Phi Delta Kappan, Vol. 93 Issue 7 , p10-15. World Health Organization. (2012, May 17). Corpulence and overweight. Recovered June 3, 2012, from www.who.org: who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/

Infancy

Psychosocial Stages of Development-Infancy and Toddlerhood There are two phases of psychosocial phases of advancement that happen in Infancy and Toddlerhood. In this conversation I will talk about them and the components in each. In Infancy the two phases of psychosocial improvement are trust versus question, these two phases are significant for the psychological improvement of a kid. This stage keeps going from birth to two years of age. During this stage a baby learns the phases of confiding in their parental figure to deal with their needs.According to Erik Erikson, this phase in an infant’s improvement is an immediate connection to the degrees of trust they will have as grown-ups (Newman & Newman, 2102). For instance, as a baby weeps for their parental figure to address essential issues, for example, taking care of, diaper changes, or if the newborn child just needs love and consideration they are figuring out how to builds up a feeling of trust in their guardian a nd how rapidly, or assuming every one of, their necessities are being met.As a little child, kids are shown directly from wrong and figure out how to confide in their own observations. These are exceptionally significant attributes that will shape the kid as they develop into grown-ups. Erikson’s psychosocial hypothesis clarifies the toddler’s self-character and dread of separateness (Newman & Newman, 2012). As a Toddler, the emergency that exists is that among self-governance and disgrace or blame (Newman & Newman, 2012). This is significant in light of the fact that the little child starts to locate their own specific manner separate from their folks coaching.They feel disgrace or blame if something they do turns out badly or it doesn't turn out the manner in which they thought. On the off chance that they accomplish something that they sense as terrible and their parental figure doesn't urge them to attempt once more, the little child may encounter o utrage or disdain toward others as they age. As a psychological wellness advisor, my insight into the phases of outset and little children will assist me with serving people, understudies and families all the more successfully. I accept that each grown-up is an immediate impression of their childhood.The mental condition of my customers is vigorously controlled by the manner in which they grew up and the affection and consideration they got. To all the more likely comprehend this hypothesis will give me a plan and research to pose inquiries in regards to the relationship with their folks and their youth encounters. On the off chance that there is a family that is having issues speaking with one another, it will be an incredible apparatus to use to make an abstract of the reasons for the absence of correspondence or other negative behaviors.Erik Erikson’s, hypothesis is an all around considered hypothesis that all guides can use to more readily comprehend the thinking of their customers conduct. It will be an incredible hypothesis to talk about with my customers to assist them with making an immediate association with their youth encounters as well.References: Newman, B. , & Newman, P. (2012). Improvement through life: A psychosocial approach (eleventh ed. ) (L. Schreiber-Ganster, Ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. (Unique work distributed 2009)

Im studying poetry to be a better engineer, and this is why

I’m studying poetry to be a better engineer, and this is why ^Earthrise, 1968. This semester, I’ve read over 160 poems, spent 30 hours in class analyzing those poems, and written 5000 words on a few dozen verses. I’ve pored over meter and rhythm, imagery and enjambments, em-dashes and alliteration. Why? There is a good argument to be made that art for art’s sake is reason enough. As Robin Williams said in Dead Poets Society, “Poetry, beauty, romance, love, these are what we stay alive for…That you are here that life exists, and identity; that the powerful play goes on and you may contribute a verse.” I’m not going to make that argument. Instead, I’ll start with a thought that passed through my mind the other day: Poetry is important for the same reason that a bullet is destructive. Perhaps I should elaborate. A bullet is not destructive because of the force behind it. (If it were, by Newton’s Third Law the recoil would have an equally deadly effect on the shooter). A bullet is destructive because that force is concentrated in a very small area. It is the smallness of the bullet that gives it power. Likewise, poetry is such a dense, compact form of language. It packs pages and pages of meaning into just a few verses. In a world where we are surrounded by anonymous, thoughtless, prosaic prose â€" think endless listicles on Facebook â€" reading a piece where every syllable, every punctuation mark, every line, is carefully consideredits a breath of fresh air. And that ability to convey lots of meaning very succinctly is vital in any walk of life. As one of my NASA supervisors told me over the summer, “Nobody cares unless you tell a story.” Take the project I was working on: designing and building prototypes for an enormous space telescope. Why was this project important? In 1968, an Apollo 8 astronaut took a photo that changed the world. Earthrise was a photo that invigorated the environmental movement, changed the public’s view of space exploration, and encouraged support for future missions. The goal of my project was to design a telescope that could take a photo of this revolutionary class â€" but of a planet outside our solar system. Earthrise for the 21st century. That’s what people truly care about. Not the intricacies of in-space robotic assembly, truss geometry, or finite element analysis, but what a project really means. I enjoy the arts for their own sake as much as any other person, but I also appreciate their utility. It’s the reason Im studying poetry, and the reason I took an acting class last semester: to optimize my ability to deliver a message, whether it’s on the 2.009 stage or in a product video. If you want people to care, tell a story.

Analytical Report of Flinders.Edu.Au Essay - 1112 Words

Analyitical Report of website: www.flinders.edu.au Student name: Garth Trickett Student number: 3068276 Tutor Name: Carol Drew Table of contents 1. Executive summary 2. Introduction 3.1 How easy is it to choose a course and apply for the university it using the website? 3.2 Website Template Layout 3.3 Homepage Layout 3.4 Colour Scheme 4.1 Conclusion 4.2 Recommendations 5. References Executive summary Introduction The aim of this report is to critically analyse the architecture of the website www.flinders.ed.au. The information gathered from the analysis will be used to devise solutions to problems with the website. The technique of examination for the website was to thoroughly†¦show more content†¦Upon opening the universities homepage a quick glance was all that was needed to find the â€Å"for† tab and then the prospective students tab on the website. After clicking on â€Å"prospective students† a new page opened up with a prospective students navigational bar cascading down the left side of the page. The â€Å"choosing what to study† tab was the first heading and under that was a â€Å"course options at flinders† link. Clicking on this revealed a new page which had a number of ways to browse the different course options available. There was a browse heading filled with relevant options relating to the type of student you are as well as a Search bar an d additional â€Å"Explore† help section. This analyst found this section of the prospective student page to have extensive options for accessing the needed material all shown in an easy to understand manner. One thing that could improve the page would be a course category page where each course area e.g. law, science and IT could be accessed to quickly narrow down the search. After minimal effort the analyst found a course and then proceeded to the easily found â€Å"how to apply† section of the prospective students page. This section was nowhere near as easily understandable as the course search page. And although this analyst was still able to successfully

The Daily Life Of A Slave - 964 Words

The daily life of a slave in North Carolina was incredibly difficult. Hard workers, especially those in the field, played from sunrise until sundown. Even small kids and the elderly were not exempt from these long work hours. Slaves were generally granted a day off on Sunday, and on infrequent holidays such as Christmas or the Fourth of July. During their few hours of gratuitous time, most slaves did their own personal study. The diet supplied by slaveholders was generally short, and slaves often supplemented it by tending small plots of land or fishing. Many slave owners did not provide enough clothing, and slave mothers often worked to clothe their families at night later on long days of toil. One visitor to colonial North Carolina wrote that slaveholders rarely gave their slaves meat or fish, and that he witnessed many slaves wearing only rags. Although there were exceptions, the prevailing attitude among slave owners was to allot their slaves the bare minimum of food and clothing; anything beyond that was up to the slaves to gain during their very limited time off from employment. The protection provided by slave owners was too stingy. Many slaves lived in small stick houses with dirt floors, not the log slave cabins often depicted in books and movies. These shelters had cracks in the walls that let in cold and wind, and had only thin coverings over the windowpanes. Again, slave owners supplied only the minimum required for survival; they were mainly concerned withShow MoreRelatedThe Nature, Beliefs, And Practices Of Religious Life Among Slaves1259 Words   |  6 PagesSlave Culture Topic: The nature, beliefs, and practices of religious life among slaves The practice of slavery in the United States is a topic that has been researched, written about, and continues to be a source of contention when discussed. 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Positive Psychology and Depression Free Essays

string(84) " expect the best possible outcome in any given situation \(Merriam-Webster, 2012\)\." Positive Psychology in the Treatment of Major Depression Positive psychology is a strengths-oriented, positively focused approach to human behaviors and thoughts that is relatively recent to the overall field of psychology. Previous schools of thought had always focused on the abnormalities, weaknesses, and pathologies of people. Positive psychology is an exceptionally new branch of psychology and aims at making life more fulfilling, enjoyable, and happy instead of just tolerable; they wish to promote mental health and well-being instead of only treating disorders. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Psychology and Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now This research paper will address the roles that hope, gratitude, forgiveness, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy play in one’s life, and how these characteristics can be utilized in a way to maximize one’s positive affect. One of the most common mood disorders is depression. Depression comes in many forms and there are also different depressive disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and dysthymic disorder. (NIMH, 2009) For the sake of this paper, major depression will be examined. Related article: Approaches to Promoting Wellbeing Symptoms of a major depressive episode include feelings of sadness or unhappiness, irritability or frustration, loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities, reduced sex drive, insomnia or excessive sleeping, changes in appetite, agitation or restlessness, angry outbursts, slowed thinking or speaking, fatigue, tiredness, loss of energy, trouble thinking or concentrating, frequent thoughts of death or dying including suicide, crying spells for no apparent reason, and unexplained physical problems such as pain (Mayo Clinic, 2012). One does not have to have every one of these symptoms, they must have at least five symptoms, they must persist for at least two weeks, symptoms cannot be caused due to drug or alcohol consumption, are not caused by bereavement or last longer than two months, and they must cause a significant amount of impairment in the person’s everyday life functioning (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Major depressive disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate of 11. 2 percent in young adults with 3. 3 percent of those cases deemed severe, and a twelve month prevalence rate of 6. percent in adults with 30. 4 percent of those cases diagnosed as severe. People ages eighteen to twenty-nine are seventy percent more likely to have experienced depression compared to those over the age of sixty, people between thirty to forty-four years old were 120 percent more likely, and forty-five to fifty-nine year olds were 100 percent more likely. Women are seventy percent more likely than their male counterparts to experien ce depression during their lifetime and whites are forty percent more likely than blacks to experience depression. Compared to 2 percent or less for most other disorders, major depression is quite common. (NIMH, 2009) Positive psychology interventions in cases of major depression focus on increasing positive emotions, positive experiences, subjective well-being, and beneficial engagements. This differs from traditional interventions by not focusing on the depressive, negative symptoms and instead trying to focus on the good aspects of one’s life. Positive psychologists do not ignore the fact that mental illnesses are abnormal and the fact that things do go wrong in peoples’ lives. Instead, they want to take a closer look at the good things that happen in peoples’ lives and what makes and keeps people content or happy. In one study, conducted by Seligman et al, positive psychotherapy exercises delivered through the internet were shown to relieve the symptoms of depression for a minimum of six months whereas traditional treatments lasted less than one week. In subjects suffering from severe depression, reduction in mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms was observed. It was also observed that subjects who had been suffering from major depressive disorder and underwent positive psychotherapy had a higher reduction in symptoms than those who underwent traditional treatments and those who underwent traditional treatments combined with medications. The hypothesis of this study stated that â€Å"depression can be treated effectively not only by reducing its negative symptoms, but also by directly and primarily building positive emotions, character strengths, and meaning. It is possible that directly building these positive resources may also buffer against their future reoccurrence. (Seligman et, al. , 2006) Logically, major depression would be well treated when using a positive psychology oriented approach. People who suffer from depression experience anhedonia – an inability to experience pleasure in activities which it is usually produced. They lack positive affect, show a lack of engagement in meaningful activities, lack of feeling of purp ose, and lack of feeling of meaning. These people no longer find any interest in things such as sex, food, bonding with friends, favorite past times, and work. (Brynie, 2009) A study by Barnaby D. Dunn, published in July of 2012 also found that people suffering from depression also do not experience anticipation or recognize positive emotions the way those unaffected do. (Dunn, 2012) The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines anticipation as â€Å"1: b. the act of looking forward; especially: pleasurable expectation. 2: a mental attitude that influences a later response. †(Merriam-Webster, 2012) From this, it is understood that people suffering from depression, and therefore anhedonia, not only miss out on the pleasure normally experienced during enjoyable activities, they also do not even look forward to any of these pleasurable activities. It is as if they do not see the possibility of an experience producing positive outcomes. Positive psychology, on the other hand, is primarily focused on creating and building-upon positive emotions, helping people find meaning in their everyday lives, and promoting an overall increase in mental health. Positive psychology has its roots in self-efficacy, optimism, and hope. Self-efficacy is the belief that you have the skills and self-control necessary to achieve the goals you set for yourself. This is a learned way of thinking, predicted by previous successes, observing others with high levels of self-efficacy, the ability to imagine oneself achieving a successful outcome, verbal persuasion by other strong and trustworthy individuals, and ability to control negative emotions. Optimism is a person’s tendency to look at a situation from the best possible point of view, or too expect the best possible outcome in any given situation (Merriam-Webster, 2012). You read "Positive Psychology and Depression" in category "Essay examples" Optimism can be predicted by a childhood environment which provided safety, coherence, secure attachments, and there is also a genetic component to optimism. Television, however, is one of the main culprits in promoting pessimism – the opposite of optimism. The final main building block of positive psychology is hope. Hope is the combination of the belief that one can reach his or her goals and has the ability to find alternate routes to these goals should they be presented with adversity. (Snyder, 2011) Key steps and aspects of combating major depression with positive psychology were outlined by Seligman, Rashid, and Parks in their 2006 article. Since depression is associated with a lack of positive realizations in one’s life, clients were asked to take steps to help them recognize their signature strengths, ways to utilize these signature strengths, good things that happen to them every day, things and people in their lives that they are thankful for, and also to forgive others and themselves for past transgressions. To help clients recognize their signature strengths as well as help them to see the way they view themselves, clients were instructed to write stories describing what they believe to be their character strengths. The client and therapist discuss how apathy and the absence of positive emotions do nothing but maintain the cycle of depressive episodes. Next, clients were instructed to take the VIA-IS strengths finding questionnaire and then use those results in an assignment stating how they could best utilize their strengths to improve their everyday lives. Afterwards, clients were to recall past situations in which they have successfully used their identified strengths to their advantage. Pleasure, engagement, and meaning as pathways to happiness are discussed during the client’s session and their role in overcoming depression is outlined. All of these steps help lead to the realization of the client that they have strengths that are unique to themselves, they have control over situations that happen to them, and they are not helpless. (Seligman, 2006) The next set of steps focuses mainly on engagement. Clients were asked to keep Blessings Journals in which they recorded at least three good things which happened to them each day. They are also encouraged to write about three bad things that have happened to them and to go into depth about their emotions surrounding these events and how the events influenced their depression. The therapist will inform the client of the ways in which retaining negative feelings such as anger and bitterness can compound the effects of depression and prevent recovery. Clients were encouraged to talk about negative experiences and vent about these experiences rather than ruminate on them. Clients were then to write at least one forgiveness letter. They describe an incident with a wrong-doing, the emotions experienced along with the event, and they also promise to forgive to transgressor; even if it was himself or herself. Seligman et al, 2006) Forgiveness is a freeing from a negative attachment to the source that has transgressed against a person. There is less desire to avoid the person or seek revenge, and an increase in positive feelings or actions towards the individual. There is a realistic assessment of the harm done, an acknowledgement of the perpetrator’s responsibility, a cancelation of debt between the victim and perpetrator, and then a self-removal from the category of victim. Forgiveness is important in a person’s life because it helps to break the cycle of violence when one person is harmed and seeks revenge and then the initial transgressor seeks revenge as well which initiates and maintains said cycle of violence. When a person displays a willingness to forgive others, it is not only beneficial to that person, but also to all of the people surrounding said incident. It produces positive feelings as well as an inclination to also be forgiving in future situations. This is a form of positive role modeling between peers. Snyder, 2011) Another important step is expressing gratitude. Clients are encouraged to express their gratitude to someone they never properly or fully thanked either in person, through a letter, or via telephone conversation. (Miller, 2008) One way gratitude is experienced is when another individual acts in a way that is costly to himself or herself, provides value to the recipient, and was done intentionally. Another way gratitud e can be experienced is when someone survives a catastrophic event, a threat to his or her health, or a dangerous situation. Gratitude is a highly valued character trait in many cultures due to its beneficial nature and tendency to increase a person’s tendency to perform altruistic tasks. Those who are high in gratitude are generally less concerned with material goods, more spiritual, more satisfied with life, and more empathetic. (Snyder, 2011) Using the concept of primary prevention, psychologists can help their clients to prevent depressive symptoms from occurring in the first place, or lessen the severity of depressive symptoms during the next depressive episode. Some positive psychology interventions in Seligman, Rashid, and Parks’ 2006 study that dealt with primary prevention were being more physically active, socializing with more people or more often with people who were already friends, engaging in meaningful work such as volunteering and helping the less fortunate, bonding more with loved ones and forming deeper connections, lowering expectations of oneself and others, and making one’s own happiness a priority. In the same study, Seligman and his fellow researchers randomly assigned six hundred volunteers to one of six intervention activities online. Five of these activities were from a more positive psychology focused list of exercises, and one was a placebo. The placebo exercise required participants to write down their earliest memories every night for a week which had only temporary effects on that group. The volunteers assigned to groups 1, 2, and 4 showed pointedly lower depressive symptoms and much higher levels of happiness when compared to the lacebo and two other control-like groups. The volunteers in the successful group also had result which lasted at least six months whereas the people in the other groups had either no results, or results that were only fleeting. (Seligman et al, 2006) Group 1 was required to take the VIA-IS strengths questionnaire and then considers ways in which they could utilize their results to help them in their everyday lives. Group 2 had to write down a t least three good things that had happened to them that day and why they thought these things had happened to them. Group 4 had to conduct a gratitude visit, much like the one previously mentioned, in which they composed a letter of thanks to someone who had positively impacted their life in some way, shape, or form but they had never fully thanked and then read said letter either in person or over the phone. The two control-like groups’ assignments were to take a strengths test questionnaire alone, or to write an essay about themselves in a moment when they were at their best. Seligman et al, 2006) These last findings show that the positive psychology activities used in the Seligman et al study can also be used as a form of secondary prevention. Secondary prevention addresses a problem after it has already appeared; just as these online participants were already showing signs of extreme depression. After participating in the three blessings per day exercise their depression scores went down showing that this exercise not only could help prevent depressive episode as previously shown, it co uld also lessen a depressive episode that had already begun. As a spin-off from this study a website, www. reflectivehappiness. com was created. This was a social website community centered on positive psychology. New exercises and interventions were posted each month, a book club was formed, a newsletter was published and sent out, and a discussion board dedicated to positive psychology. During the first month of operations, it was found that fifty of the site’s subscribers who took pretests for the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale, scored in the range that would qualify as extremely depressed. After completing the exercise involving recording three blessings each day for two weeks, the average score for this group of people dropped from 33. 9, to 16. 9. This showed that ninety-four percent of these people were less depressed and fell from the extremely depressed range to the mildly to moderately depressed range. This website is no longer functioning the same way, it has moved to a mobile network which only works on iPhones and now runs under the URL www. happiness. com. Another important part of positive psychology and the ability of a person to remain positive, optimistic, and hopeful is resiliency. Resilience is the ability to bounce back from adversity and to successfully adapt to the demands of stressful situations (Tugade et al, 2004). People who are seen as resilient are more likely to be described as self-efficacious, confident, and determined and can also be expected to generate a more positive self-talk, boost their self-image, and promote self-agency (Mak et al, 2011). All of these characteristics are those of someone with a very positive outlook on life as well as a positive view of themselves. These people show a much lower susceptibility to mental disorders and behavioral problems such as depression, anxiety, violence, and substance abuse (Lillehoj et al, 2004). People who are more resilient also show more optimism and a higher level of hope when thinking about the future. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions suggests that â€Å"positive emotions expand what an individual feels like doing at any given time. †(Snyder, 2011) This is referred to by Fredrickson as a broadening of one’s thought-action repertoire. Emotions such as joy, interest, contentment, pride, and love all have the ability to expand you potential action options. Joy can create more creative, playful behaviors while interest creates the desire to explore, expand, and experience new things. One of the most important in positive psychology is pride. Pride creates the desire to share good news and envision oneself doing even bigger and better things. The opposite happens in any life threatening situation; your thought-action choices narrow to provide a smaller list of options to try to conduct a speedy, potentially life-saving choice. Frederickson, 2001) This research proves that when a person is feeling depressed and are lacking the positive emotions described above, they do not have an expanded thought-action repertoire and therefore do not see all of the possible paths to their goals which, in turn, leads to feelings of hopelessness and a lack of self-efficacy. Other health benefits of promoting positive emotions are incre ased laughter, decreased heart disease, increased longevity, positive emotional disclosure, and overall increased psychological health. Laughter has been proven to be a cyclical cause and effect of positive emotions which in turn improves immune system functioning, and help maintain a stable positive emotional state. Elderly people who had been hospitalized for an incident involving heart disease and kept up a positive attitude had a much lower readmission rate than those who displayed a negative outlook. Also, people who tend to be more positive throughout their lives, participate in emotional disclosure, and upholding an optimistic and hopeful outlook have a propensity to live longer than those who did not. Positive emotions and an expanded thought-action repertoire not only help people emotionally avoid depression, they also help people to be more physically active and thus further avoid depressive symptoms. The reasons why exercise helps to alleviate depressive symptoms is not completely understood, but it is believed to happen on a few different levels. First of all, exercise is thought to release beneficial neurotransmitters and endorphins which are essentially ‘feel good’ chemicals for your brain and body. These chemicals are thought to activate the opioid receptors in the brain creating feelings of happiness and optimism. Another way exercise is thought to help create positive emotions in those who exercise is by lowering certain chemicals released by the immune system which can also prolong depressive feelings. Finally, exercise increases body temperature which is thought to have a calming effect on individuals. The more direct, less scientific ways that exercise can help people avoid depression are by acting as a distraction from everyday life and taking a person’s mind off of things, increasing social interactions and therefore increasing positive interactions, and improving physical appearance and thus increasing confidence. Mayo Clinic, 2011) A study also found that speed walking for thirty five minutes per day for five days each week, or sixty minutes per day three times each week had a significant effect on decreasing depression. (Harvard Medical School, 2009) All in all, having a positive outlook on life can be beneficial to one’s life in countless ways. The study of positive psy chology helps people to take steps towards developing better skills to take advantage of their ability to think positively, act positively, and avoid or decrease their depression. Through a few very simple steps, such as gratitude letters, blessings journal keeping, and skills and strengths assessments, one can increase their sense of self efficacy, increase resilience, increase their sense of hope, and by doing this decrease major depressive symptoms. Works Cited: American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. , text rev. ). Washington, DC: Author. Anticipation. 2012. In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved November 26, 2012, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/anticipation Brynie, F. (2009). Depression and Anhedonia. Brain Sense. December 2009. Dunn, B. D. (2012). Helping Depressed Clients Reconnect to Positive Emotion Experience: Current Insights and Future Directions. Clinical Psychology Psychotherapy, 19(4), 326-340. Frederickson, B. (2001). The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. Harvard Medical School. (2009). Exercise and Depression. Retrieved from http://www. health. harvard. edu/newsweek/Exercise-and-Depression-report-excerpt. tm Lillehoj, C. , Trudeau, L. , Spoth, R. , Wickrama, K. (2004). Internalizing, social competence, and substance initiation: influence of gender moderation and a preventive intervention. Substance Use Misuse, 39(6), 963-991. Mak, W. S. , Ng, I. W. , Wong, C. Y. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 610-617. doi:10. 1037/a0025195 Mayo C linic staff. (2011, October 1). Depression and Anxiety: Exercise eases symptoms. Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic. om/health/depression-and-exercise/MH00043 Mayo Clinic staff. (2012, February 12). Symptoms. Depression (major depression). Retrieved from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/depression/DS00175/DSECTION=symptoms Miller, M. (2008, June 16). Positive Psychology Techniques for Depression. Retrieved from http://health. gather. com/viewArticle. action? articleId=281474977374787 National Institute of Mental Health. (2009). Major Depressive Order Among Adults. (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. Optimism. 2012. In Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved November 26, 2012, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/optimism Seligman, M. , Rashid, T. , Parks, A. (2006). Positive Psychotherapy. American Psychologist. November 2006, 774 – 788. Snyder, C. (2011). Positive psychology : the scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. Tugade, M. Frederickson, B. Barrett, L. (2004). Psychological Resilience and Positive Emotional Granularity: Examining the Benefits of Positive Emotions on Coping and Health. Coping Health. 1161 – 1190. How to cite Positive Psychology and Depression, Essay examples

The curious incident of a dog in the nighttime Essay Example

The curious incident of a dog in the nighttime Essay Everyone has probably wondered once In their Lifetime about how life would have been with a disorder. Through this novel in the head of an autistic boy lives a child trying to express his emotions. The Curious Incident Of The Dog In The Night-Time by Mark Haddam. Mark, the author of this astonishing novel describes how different life is like in an autistic childs mind. This novel is written in a way that normal novels are not. There are diagrams, footnotes and metaphors these elements show the reader how Christopher struggles with autism. Firstly, every author has Its specific style of approach to the audience, the way Mark has added diagrams in this novel to make it look like this is the way autistic kids write or describe it is very unusual. While explaining the Journey of Christopher life, diagrams are something he uses daily. First of all I made a plan of our street Like this(35). Len this diagram it shows a birds eye view of Christopher street. It states that Christopher uses diagrams to help him out on whatever he Is doing. So In this case Christopher Is going to go out and Investigate. We will write a custom essay sample on The curious incident of a dog in the nighttime specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The curious incident of a dog in the nighttime specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The curious incident of a dog in the nighttime specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So to help himself out, he drew a map of his street. Autism can be serious for some people but they have their ways in helping themselves succeed. Such as Christopher uses diagrams. Novels usually explain their plans in a written description whereas in this novel or maybe in an autistic mind it shows illustrations which makes it unusual. Also, a picture says a thousand words the author uses these diagrams/pleasures which clearly shows a message of the situation. And then I realized that there was nothing And I made a picture of It In my head Like 30). In this diagram It shows a mind map of what choices Christopher has to decide which place would be the safest for him. Most books have words and words and it gets boring, tiring and monotonous. The way Mark Haddam uses diagrams is interesting and no other novel uses this idea. It clearly explains the thinking and the struggle of life for the character. Secondly, each and every novel explains points or elaborates on them, Mark chose to do the same but with footnotes which makes It unusual. A. Not talking to people for a long title. Once I did not talk to anyone for five weeks(46). Novels are written in a way that makes things easier for the audience to read. In this novel Christopher likes to make everything detailed. He states points by elaborating on them more. This is probably because Christopher thinks that everyone notices details as well. He comes and states the points and adds a footnote so it is easier for the audience to understand. Also, the way the author, Mark Haddam write s about how an autistic person connote make a Judgment or decide on a simple situation, Is also unusual. People say that you have to tell the truth. But they do not mean this because you are not allowed to tell an old man that they are A normal or an non-autistic person will understand how to deal or what to do when they come in contact with an older person. If anyone comes into to contact and start a conversation with an older person and they state that l have become old no one would agree with them, but say no, you are still young. Mark has now come to a point In the novel where he be said because of autism. Thirdly, although Christopher does not seem to understand metaphors they are still seen throughout the book. A metaphor is a direct comparison without using like or as. We had a real pig of the day think it should be called a lie because a pig is not like a day(1 5). Mark Haddam uses metaphors in this novel but because Christopher is autistic he cannot understand the meaning of them like normal people do. Christopher thinks that a metaphors are lies and that they can never be true. This shows that the author, Mark the autistic minds of preserving metaphors. Marks writing explains about how Christopher takes metaphors as what it is. By imagining n actual apple in someones eyes. Whereas, for non-autistic people they would think it as you are special. Another reason that makes this novel unusual with the use of metaphors was Christopher did not like his name. My name is a metaphor, it means carrying Christ It was the name given to SST. Christopher because he carried Jesus Christ across a river But I do not want my name to mean a story(16). Mark has a very unusual way to describe the name given to Christopher. Due to autism Christopher does not understand that the story behind naming Christopher, Christopher which was actually nice and a proud feeling that you get named after such a good deed. Christopher takes metaphors the way they are meaning what was his name before he carried Jesus Christ? Basically, the way an autistic mind takes things are not the correct meaning. Therefore, while reading and discovering how an autistic mind works, Mark Haddam has written this novel in an interesting way yet unusual. Such as when he uses diagrams, footnotes and metaphors. Using diagrams, footnotes and metaphors s an interesting way Mark Haddam has shown the audience how an autistic child sees the world. Christopher uses diagrams as a navigator throughout his life. He likes to make everything detailed so its easier for the audience to understand his mind by using footnotes. And not knowing the real meaning of what a metaphor really means is not in the hands of an autistic child. The Curious Incident OF the Dog In The Night- Time by Mark Haddam illuminates a core of suffering through the narrowly focused novel in sights of a boy who has no words to describe emotional pain.